There was a collective gasp among Coke Zero and Diet Pepsi drinkers this week after media reports highlighted a new study that found prodigious consumers of artificially sweetened drinks were 26 percent more likely to die prematurely than those who rarely drank sugar-free beverages.
The study, published in the journal JAMA Internal Medicine, followed 450,000 Europeans over 16 years and tracked mortality among soft-drink consumers of all persuasions — both those with a fondness for sugary beverages and those who favored sugar-free drinks.
Given the well-documented health effects of consuming too much sugar, it was little surprise the authors found that people who drank two or more glasses of sugar-sweetened beverages a day were eight percent more likely to die young compared to those who consumed less than one glass a month.
But what grabbed headlines, and prompted widespread angst, was the suggestion that drinking Diet Coke could be even more deadly than drinking Coca-Cola Classic.
“Putting our results in context with other published studies, it would probably be prudent to limit consumption of all soft drinks and replace them with healthier alternatives like water,” said Amy Mullee, a nutritionist at University College Dublin and one of 50 researchers who worked on the study, one of the largest of its kind to date.
The study is not a one-off. Over the past year, other research in the United States has found a correlation between artificially sweetened beverages and premature death.
The problem, experts say, is that these and other studies have been unable to resolve a key question: Does consuming drinks sweetened with aspartame or saccharin harm your health? Or could it be that people who drink lots of Diet Snapple or Sprite Zero lead a more unhealthy lifestyle to begin with?
A number of nutritionists, epidemiologists and behavioral scientists think the latter may be true. (It’s a theory that will be instantly recognizable to anyone who has guiltily ordered a Diet Coke to accompany their Double Whopper with cheese.)
“It could be that diet soda drinkers eat a lot of bacon or perhaps it’s because there are people who rationalize their unhealthy lifestyle by saying, ‘Now that I’ve had a diet soda, I can have those French fries,’” said Vasanti S. Malik, a researcher at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and the lead author of a study in April that found that the link between artificial sweeteners and increased mortality in women was largely inconclusive. “This is a huge study, with a half million people in 10 countries, but I don’t think it adds to what we already know.”
The authors of the JAMA paper tried to account for these risk factors by removing study participants who were smokers or obese, and they tried to improve its accuracy through statistical modeling.
But Dr. David Ludwig, an obesity specialist at Boston Children’s Hospital, said these so-called observational studies cannot really determine cause and effect. “Maybe artificial sweeteners aren’t increasing mortality,” he said. “Maybe it’s just that people with an increased risk of mortality, like those with overweight or obesity, are choosing to drink diet soda but, in the end, this doesn’t solve their weight problem and they die prematurely.”
Still, scientists say the alternative to observational studies — a clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to a sugary drinks group or a diet soda group — isn’t feasible.
“Clinical trials are considered the gold standard in science, but imagine asking thousands of people to stick to such a regimen for decades,” said Dr. Malik of Harvard. “Many people would drop out, and it would also be prohibitively expensive.”
Concerns about artificial sweeteners have been around since the 1970s, when studies found that large quantities of saccharin caused cancer in lab rats. The Food and Drug Administration issued a temporary ban on the sweetener, and Congress ordered up additional studies and a warning label, but subsequent research found the chemical to be safe for human consumption. More recently-created chemical sweeteners like aspartame and sucralose have also been extensively studied, with little evidence that they negatively impact human health, according to the F.D.A.
Some studies have even found a correlation between artificial sweeteners and weight loss, but others have suggested they may increase cravings for sugary foods.
“There’s no evidence they are harmful to people with a healthy diet who are trying to live a healthy lifestyle,” said Dr. Barry M. Popkin, a nutritionist at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. He and others remain concerned that giving diet beverages to young children might encourage a sweet tooth.
Still, many scientists say more research is needed to determine the long-term effects of consuming artificial sweeteners. Although Dr. Mullee, one of the authors of the study, cautioned against drawing stark conclusions from their data, she said the deleterious effects of artificial sweeteners can’t be ruled out, noting studies that suggest a possible link between aspartame and elevated levels of blood glucose and insulin in humans. “Right now the biological mechanisms are unclear but we’re hoping our research will spark further exploration,” she said.
For consumers, the mixed messaging can be confusing. Dr. Jim Krieger, the founding executive director of Healthy Food America, an advocacy group that presses municipalities to enact soda taxes and increase consumer access to fruits and vegetables, said the new study and others like it raise more questions than they answer.
“Gosh, at this point, you probably want to go with water, tea or unsweetened coffee and not take a chance on beverages we don’t know much about,” he said. “Certainly, you don’t want to drink sugary beverages because we know that these aren’t good for you.”
Andrew Jacobs is a reporter with the Health and Science Desk, based in New York. He previously reported from Beijing and Brazil and had stints as a Metro reporter, Styles writer and National correspondent, covering the American South.
Source: Death by Diet Soda? – The New York Times
In this chapter you will be introduced to the scope of the challenge that faces you today whenever you turn to “food” as a means to quell your hunger. It sure looks like food. But is it? What are the consequences of building our bodies from the cheap foodstuffs that mimic the real thing?
Would you be surprised to learn that the total calorie count of the food you are eating is not the only thing that is making you fat? It is true. There is another component to your food that nobody is talking about which is also making you fat. If you remain ignorant of this one fat loss factor your attempts to drop body weight will always stall, no matter how hard you try. Eliminate this component from your food, and then you will be able to watch the pounds come off.
But do not worry – clean eating is not an all or nothing approach that will have you falling off the healthy eating wagon after a month. Rather, it is a sensible approach to nutrition that has as its main benefit the stabilization of your blood sugar levels. This one change can mean the difference between a life of constant health struggles, and a life that makes enjoyment of everyday activities possible again.
In short, the presence of a food label is the number one indicator that the food you are holding on your hand should probably not go into your shopping cart. This is not an absolute rule, and you will learn how to sail the murky waters of food ingredient terminology. You will know what to avoid, and why you are doing so.
I will show you how to optimize your chances for sustained success by adopting habits that virtually guarantee you never go astray for more than the period of a single meal. You will be introduced to quantitative measures of success, such as calorie counting, and see how they can be used, at least initially, to guide you. You will also learn the importance of measuring body composition in the fat loss war.
I continue to slice and dice both lunch and dinner meals for you so that you can do likewise. These two chapters cover the remaining two-thirds of our 21 day plan to restructure your meals and bring you into the healthy eating fold. You will be given a ton of ideas for recipes to use right from the pages of the book.
Finally, in the last chapter we take a quick look at the other major factor that determines how your health progresses as you age. I would be remiss if I did not at least point you in the right direction, and what I am talking about is, of course, physical exercise, and it is a key element to any successful fat loss strategy. If you are hoping that by eating healthy you will get better control over your body weight, you will do so. But to get the best results you cannot ignore the role of physical activity. I will tell you how to get those results from exercise in the shortest amount of time.