Superager Genes Can Shave a Decade Off Heart Age, Scientists Say

The genes of people who live to be over the age of 100 could one day help others stay heart-healthy for longer, according to some exciting new research.

A team of British and Italian researchers has found that a specific mutated gene in so-called “superagers” who make it into their centenarian years could be used to help those with heart failure turn back the clock by ten years, as detailed in a groundbreaking study published in the journal Cardiovascular Research.

Building on the discovery of the longevity-associated gene variant known as BPIFB4 in 2018, the researchers conducted experiments on human cells in test tubes and later on mice to see if the genes were still able to turn back the biological clock when introduced in a lab instead of being inherited.

Incredibly, they found that its introduction to damaged cells can both halt and even reverse heart aging. “The cells of the elderly patients, in particular those that support the construction of new blood vessels, called ‘pericytes’, were found to be less performing and more aged,” said Monica Cattaneo, a researcher at the MultiMedica Group in Italy and co-author, in a press release.

“By adding the longevity gene/protein to the test tube, we observed a process of cardiac rejuvenation: the cardiac cells of elderly heart failure patients have resumed functioning properly, proving to be more efficient in building new blood vessels,” Cattaneo added.

The researchers also found that those same cells seemed to have reduced expression of BPIFB4 as well. In other words, people who tend to develop heart problems may actually be missing this key longevity protein.

As University of Bristol professor and co-author Paolo Madedu notes, these findings suggest that introducing a protein to the cells of patients with heart problems may be an alternative to gene therapy, which, in spite of being a promising branch of medical treatment, still carries a number of associated risks, including the potential of developing cancer.

“Our findings confirm the healthy mutant gene can reverse the decline of heart performance in older people,” Madedu said in the press release. “We are now interested in determining if giving the protein instead of the gene can also work.”

Obviously, this kind of potential treatment will take many years to perfect — but regardless, this could be a huge win in the war against heart disease.

By Noor Al-Sibai

Source: “Superager” Genes Can Shave a Decade Off Heart Age, Scientists Say

Related contents:

 The Word Gene Coined”.

What is genomic medicine?”.

Chapter One-The “Mendelian Gene” and the “Molecular Gene”: Two Relevant Concepts of Genetic Units”

“What is a gene?: MedlinePlus Genetics”

Studying Genes”

Tandem chimerism as a means to increase protein complexity in the human genome”.

Overlapping genes in natural and engineered genomes”.

The genetic code”.

Ironing out the kinks: splicing and translation in bacteria”

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How Companies Can Help Support Biodiversity

Getty

In the U.S., you could have blinked and missed a momentous announcement that impacts our ability to safeguard and improve our planet. I noticed that news coverage of the COP15 on biodiversity in Montreal was significantly less than that of the COP21 agreement on climate held in Paris in 2015. Nor did it receive the fanfare or celebrity endorsement. But, it is an important step forward in ensuring our planet continues to be a diverse ecosystem.

Biodiversity is paramount for the functioning of our planet, and the business case should suggest that focusing on biodiversity is as important as reigning in our carbon emissions: “Degrading ecosystems could trigger a downward spiral of US$2.7 trillion in global Gross Domestic Product by 2030.” Failures in biodiversity costs the global economy more than $5 trillion a year in the form of lost natural services.

The World Economic Forum in collaboration with PwC found that “$44 trillion of economic value generation—more than half of the world’s total GDP—is moderately or highly dependent on nature and its services and is therefore exposed to nature loss.”

There are 23 environmental targets stipulated under the COP15 agenda. Of these, the most recognized target is known as the “30 by 30” conservation target (paywall). This name comes from the mandate that by 2030, governments will ensure and enable 30% of the planet is under protection.

This will be accomplished through the creation of protected areas and other known measures for area-based conservation. Currently, approximately 17% of land and roughly 8% of the oceans are protected. Additionally, the deal would roughly double overall financing focused on biodiversity protection to $200 billion a year from all sources.

But, all together, I think businesses can do more. Conservation is a powerful component in maintaining our biodiversity. As of 2019, one study found nearly 30,000 species were at risk of extinction, while another found that nearly 1 million species were at risk of extinction. A healthy planet, one with a fully functioning diverse ecosystem, requires we also determine how to recover those lost species.

It’s important for companies to plan for and align on the need to support biodiversity. Through new technologies, we can improve species resiliency and grow species capacity. Some companies like mine are even working on bringing back species that are needed for health ecosystems. These steps will allow us to create more hospitable spaces for species.

In the next five years, I think we will see scientists actively recovering species and protecting species from diseases, creating more extreme weather-resistant species.

More and more companies are joining in efforts to support the environment. But, other businesses also have the opportunity to get involved with efforts to support biodiversity efforts.

1. Identify your full environmental impact.

First, start with understanding the impacts of your organization on the full environment, not just your carbon emissions. Emissions are one aspect of climate change, but they paint an incomplete picture. I suggest business leaders also undertake a material assessment to understand the material impacts and dependencies of their organizations. Science Based Targets Network offers a guide that companies can utilize.

2. Evaluate business risks and opportunities related to nature and biodiversity.

This evaluation can lead to actions that help businesses understand the loss of biodiversity on your financial and business outcomes. One tool that organizations can utilize is the framework from the Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures (TNFD), which can be used to evaluate and manage nature-related risks.

3. Set goals and raise awareness around your goals.

Measure and set targets for land use, freshwater use and ecosystem integrity. Again, there are useful tools available for companies attempting to measure and set biodiversity targets. And then, commit publicly to those goals to reduce waste and prioritize the protection of the planet as a core aspect of business. This could include signing corporate pledges.

4. Consider nature-based solutions.

New companies and legacy companies can consider the concept of “nature-based solutions,” which originate with the idea that companies can restore nature, mitigate and adapt to climate change, while also supporting the lifestyles and interests of local people. In doing so businesses can transform to restore and regenerate landscapes.

Stopping climate change and protecting plants and animals are and should be recognized as linked goals. Reducing carbon emissions is vital. Recovering species is too.

This is all possible, but requires technology investment and ideological alignment. Protecting biodiversity is more than just conserving what we have; it’s planning a pathway to a better tomorrow.

Ben Lamm

Source: How Companies Can Help Support Biodiversity

.

Related contents:

“What is biodiversity?” (PDF). United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre.

“Excite News – Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth”. apnews.excite.com. 23 October 2015. Archived from the original on 23 October 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2022.Dasmann, Raymond F. (1967).

“A Different Kind of Country”. Kirkus Reviews. Retrieved 7 August 2022.Brown, William Y. Brown (9 August 2011).

Conserving Biological Diversity”. Brookings Institution. Retrieved 7 August 2022.Wilson, E. O. (1988).

Biodiversity. National Academy Press. p. vi. doi:10.17226/989. ISBN 978-0-309-03739-6. PMID 25032475Tor-Björn Larsson (2001).

Biodiversity evaluation tools for European forests. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 178. ISBN 978-87-16-16434-6. Retrieved 28 June 2011.Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J.; Ferry, Paul (2010).

Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land”.Lefcheck, Jon (20 October 2014).

What is functional diversity, and why do we care?”. sample(ECOLOGY). Retrieved 22 December 2015.

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Can We Time Travel? A Theoretical Physicist Provides Some Answers

Shutterstock

Time travel makes regular appearances in popular culture, with innumerable time travel storylines in movies, television and literature. But it is a surprisingly old idea: one can argue that the Greek tragedy Oedipus Rex, written by Sophocles over 2,500 years ago, is the first time travel story.

But is time travel in fact possible? Given the popularity of the concept, this is a legitimate question. As a theoretical physicist, I find that there are several possible answers to this question, not all of which are contradictory.

The simplest answer is that time travel cannot be possible because if it was, we would already be doing it. One can argue that it is forbidden by the laws of physics, like the second law of thermodynamics or relativity. There are also technical challenges: it might be possible but would involve vast amounts of energy.

There is also the matter of time-travel paradoxes; we can — hypothetically — resolve these if free will is an illusion, if many worlds exist or if the past can only be witnessed but not experienced. Perhaps time travel is impossible simply because time must flow in a linear manner and we have no control over it, or perhaps time is an illusion and time travel is irrelevant.

Laws of Physics

Since Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity — which describes the nature of time, space and gravity — is our most profound theory of time, we would like to think that time travel is forbidden by relativity. Unfortunately, one of his colleagues from the Institute for Advanced Study, Kurt Gödel, invented a universe in which time travel was not just possible, but the past and future were inextricably tangled.

We can actually design time machines, but most of these (in principle) successful proposals require negative energy, or negative mass, which does not seem to exist in our universe. If you drop a tennis ball of negative mass, it will fall upwards. This argument is rather unsatisfactory, since it explains why we cannot time travel in practice only by involving another idea — that of negative energy or mass — that we do not really understand.

Mathematical physicist Frank Tipler conceptualized a time machine that does not involve negative mass, but requires more energy than exists in the universe.

Time travel also violates the second law of thermodynamics, which states that entropy or randomness must always increase. Time can only move in one direction — in other words, you cannot unscramble an egg. More specifically, by travelling into the past we are going from now (a high entropy state) into the past, which must have lower entropy.

This argument originated with the English cosmologist Arthur Eddington, and is at best incomplete. Perhaps it stops you travelling into the past, but it says nothing about time travel into the future. In practice, it is just as hard for me to travel to next Thursday as it is to travel to last Thursday.

Resolving Paradoxes

There is no doubt that if we could time travel freely, we run into the paradoxes. The best known is the “grandfather paradox”: one could hypothetically use a time machine to travel to the past and murder their grandfather before their father’s conception, thereby eliminating the possibility of their own birth. Logically, you cannot both exist and not exist.

Kurt Vonnegut’s anti-war novel Slaughterhouse-Five, published in 1969, describes how to evade the grandfather paradox. If free will simply does not exist, it is not possible to kill one’s grandfather in the past, since he was not killed in the past. The novel’s protagonist, Billy Pilgrim, can only travel to other points on his world line (the timeline he exists in), but not to any other point in space-time, so he could not even contemplate killing his grandfather.

The universe in Slaughterhouse-Five is consistent with everything we know. The second law of thermodynamics works perfectly well within it and there is no conflict with relativity. But it is inconsistent with some things we believe in, like free will — you can observe the past, like watching a movie, but you cannot interfere with the actions of people in it.

Could we allow for actual modifications of the past, so that we could go back and murder our grandfather — or Hitler? There are several multiverse theories that suppose that there are many timelines for different universes. This is also an old idea: in Charles Dickens’ A Christmas Carol, Ebeneezer Scrooge experiences two alternative timelines, one of which leads to a shameful death and the other to happiness.

Time Is a River

Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius wrote that:

Time is like a river made up of the events which happen, and a violent stream; for as soon as a thing has been seen, it is carried away, and another comes in its place, and this will be carried away too.”

We can imagine that time does flow past every point in the universe, like a river around a rock. But it is difficult to make the idea precise. A flow is a rate of change — the flow of a river is the amount of water that passes a specific length in a given time. Hence if time is a flow, it is at the rate of one second per second, which is not a very useful insight.

Theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking suggested that a “chronology protection conjecture” must exist, an as-yet-unknown physical principle that forbids time travel. Hawking’s concept originates from the idea that we cannot know what goes on inside a black hole, because we cannot get information out of it. But this argument is redundant: we cannot time travel because we cannot time travel!

Researchers are investigating a more fundamental theory, where time and space “emerge” from something else. This is referred to as quantum gravity, but unfortunately it does not exist yet. So is time travel possible? Probably not, but we don’t know for sure!

By: Peter Watson, The Conversation

Peter Watson is an emeritus professor of physics at Carleton University.

Source: Can We Time Travel? A Theoretical Physicist Provides Some Answers

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Related contents:

Cheng, John (2012). Astounding Wonder: Imagining Science and Science Fiction in Interwar America (illustrated ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-8122-0667-8. Extract of page 180Dowson, John (1879), “Revati”, A classical dictionary of Hindu mythology and religion, geography, history, and literature, Routledge

The Vishnu Purana: Book IV: Chapter IDebiprasad Chattopadhyaya (1964), Indian Philosophy (7 ed.), People’s Publishing House, New Delhi Yorke, Christopher (February 2006).

Malchronia: Cryonics and Bionics as Primitive Weapons in the War on Time”. Journal of Evolution and Technology. 15 (1): 73–85. Retrieved August 29, 2009.Rosenberg, Donna (1997). Folklore, myths, and legends: a world perspective. McGraw-Hill. p. 421. ISBN 978-0-8442-5780-8.

Origins of Futuristic Fiction. The University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-0932-3.

“An Anachronism; or, Missing One’s Coach”. Dublin University Magazine. 11. June 1838.Flynn, John L. (1995).

Time Travel Literature”. The Encyclopedia Galactica. Archived from the original on September 29, 2006. Retrieved October 28, 2006.

Time machines: time travel in physics, metaphysics, and science fiction. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-98571-8.Page Mitchell, Edward.

The Clock That Went Backward” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 15, 2011. Retrieved December 4, 2011.Uribe, Augusto (June 1999). “The First Time Machine: Enrique Gaspar’s Anacronópete”.

The New York Review of Science Fiction. 11, no. 10 (130): 12.Gaspar, Enrique (2012-06-26).

The Time Ship: A Chrononautical Journey. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0-8195-7239-4.Westcott, Kathryn (9 April 2011).

HG Wells or Enrique Gaspar: Whose time machine was first?”. BBC News. Archived from the original on March 29, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2014.Sterling, Bruce (August 27, 2014).

Science fiction | literature and performance :: Major science fiction themes. Britannica.com. Retrieved November 27, 2015.Thorne, Kip S. (1994).

Black Holes and Time Warps. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31276-8.Bolonkin, Alexander (2011).

Universe, Human Immortality and Future Human Evaluation. Elsevier. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-12-415810-8. Extract of page 3Miguel Alcubierre (June 29, 2012).

Warp Drives, Wormholes, and Black Holes” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 18, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2017.J. Richard Gott (25 August 2015).

Time Travel in Einstein’s Universe: The Physical Possibilities of Travel Through Time. HMH. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-547-52657-7.Visser, Matt (2002).

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Chronology protection conjecture” (PDF). Physical Review D. 46 (2): 603–611. Bibcode:1992PhRvD..46..603H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.46.603. PMID 10014972. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-27.“Carl Sagan Ponders Time Travel”. NOVA. PBS. December 10, 1999. Retrieved April 26, 2017.Hawking, Stephen; Thorne, Kip; Novikov, Igor; Ferris, Timothy; Lightman, Alan (2002).

The Future of Spacetime. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-02022-9.S. W. Hawking, Introductory note to 1949 and 1952 in Kurt Gödel, Collected works, Volume II (S. Feferman et al., eds).Visser, Matt (1996). Lorentzian Wormholes. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-1-56396-653-8.Cramer, John G. (1994).

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Fusion Technology Is Reaching a Turning Point That Could Change The Energy Game

 (dani3315/iStock/Getty Images)

Our society faces the grand challenge of providing sustainable, secure, and affordable means of generating energy while trying to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to net zero around 2050. To date, developments in fusion power, which potentially ticks all these boxes, have been funded almost exclusively by the public sector. However, something is changing.sion

nucler

Private equity investment in the global fusion industry has more than doubled in just one year – from US$2.1 billion in 2021 to US$4.7 billion in 2022, according to a survey from the Fusion Industry Association.

So, what is driving this recent change? There’s lots to be excited about.Before we explore that, let’s take a quick detour to recap what fusion power is.

Merging atoms together

Fusion works the same way our Sun does, by merging two heavy hydrogen atoms under extreme heat and pressure to release vast amounts of energy.It’s the opposite of the fission process used by nuclear power plants, in which atoms are split to release large amounts of energy.

Sustaining nuclear fusion at scale has the potential to produce a safe, clean, almost inexhaustible power source. Our Sun sustains fusion at its core with a plasma of charged particles at around 15 million degrees Celsius. Down on Earth, we are aiming for hundreds of millions of degrees Celsius, because we don’t have the enormous mass of the Sun compressing the fuel down for us.

Scientists and engineers have worked out several designs for how we might achieve this, but most fusion reactors use strong magnetic fields to “bottle” and confine the hot plasma.

Generally, the main challenge to overcome on our road to commercial fusion power is to provide environments that can contain the intense burning plasma needed to produce a fusion reaction that is self-sustaining, producing more energy than was needed to get it started.

Joining the public and private

Fusion development has been progressing since the 1950s. Most of it was driven by government funding for fundamental science. Now, a growing number of private fusion companies around the world are forging ahead toward commercial fusion energy. A change in government attitudes has been crucial to this.

The US and UK governments are fostering public-private partnerships to complement their strategic research programs.For example, the White House recently announced it would develop a “bold decadal vision for commercial fusion energy“.

In the United Kingdom, the government has invested in a program aimed at connecting a fusion generator to the national electricity grid.

The technology has actually advanced, too

In addition to public-private resourcing, the technologies we need for fusion plants have come along in leaps and bounds.

In 2021, MIT scientists and Commonwealth Fusion Systems developed a record-breaking magnet that will allow them to build a compact fusion device called SPARC “that is substantially smaller, lower cost, and on a faster timeline”.

In recent years, several fusion experiments have also reached the all-important milestone of sustaining plasma temperatures of 100 million degrees Celsius or above. These include the EAST experiment in China, Korea’s flagship experiment KSTAR, and UK-based company Tokamak Energy.

These incredible feats demonstrate an unprecedented ability to replicate conditions found inside our Sun and keep extremely hot plasma trapped long enough to encourage fusion to occur. In February, the Joint European Torus – the world’s most powerful operational tokamak – announced world-record energy confinement.

And the next-step fusion energy experiment to demonstrate net power gain, ITER, is under construction in France and now about 80 percent complete. Magnets aren’t the only path to fusion, either. In November 2021, the National Ignition Facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California achieved a historic step forward for inertial confinement fusion.

By focusing nearly 200 powerful lasers to confine and compress a target the size of a pencil’s eraser, they produced a small fusion “hot spot” generating fusion energy over a short time period. In Australia, a company called HB11 is developing proton-boron fusion technology through a combination of high-powered lasers and magnetic fields.

Fusion and renewables can go hand in hand

It is crucial that investment in fusion is not at the cost of other forms of renewable energy and the transition away from fossil fuels. We can afford to expand adoption of current renewable energy technology like solar, wind, and pumped hydro while also developing next-generation solutions for electricity production.

This exact strategy was outlined recently by the United States in its Net-Zero Game Changers Initiative. In this plan, resource investment will be targeted to developing a path to rapid decarbonization in parallel with the commercial development of fusion.

History shows us that incredible scientific and engineering progress is possible when we work together with the right resources – the rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines is just one recent example.

It is clear many scientists, engineers, and now governments and private investors (and even fashion designers) have decided fusion energy is a solution worth pursuing, not a pipe dream. Right now, it’s the best shot we’ve yet had to make fusion power a viable reality.The Conversation

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

By: Nathan Garland & Matthew Hole, The Conversation

Nathan Garland, Lecturer in Applied Mathematics and Physics, Griffith University and Matthew Hole, Senior Research Fellow, Mathematical Sciences Institute, Australian National University

Source: Fusion Technology Is Reaching a Turning Point That Could Change The Energy Game : ScienceAlert

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How Many Senses Do You Have? A Lot More Than 5, Says Science

Neuroscientist Dr Lisa Feldman Barrett delves into the different ways we’re able to perceive the world that go beyond sight, sound, touch, taste and smell. How many senses does the average human have? Assuming you equate senses with their receptors, such as the retinas in your eyes and the cochlea in your ears, then the traditional answer to this question is five – seeing, hearing, touch, smell and taste.

They’re called the ‘exteroceptive’ senses because they carry information about the external world. But your body also has receptors for events occurring inside you, such as your beating heart, expanding lungs, gurgling stomach and many other movements that you’re completely unaware of. They’re traditionally grouped together as another sense, called ‘interoception’.

Yet a proper answer to this question is even more complex and interesting. For one thing, your body has receptors to carry other types of information, such as temperature, that we don’t usually consider to be senses. Also, some of your receptors are used for more than one sense. Your retinas, for example, are portals for the light waves you need for vision, but some retinal cells also inform your brain if it’s daytime or nighttime.

This unnamed ‘day/night sense’ is the basis for circadian rhythms that affect your metabolism and your sleep/wake cycle. Even senses that seem fundamental, such as vision, are intimately entwined with other senses that seem separate. For example, it turns out that what you see, and how you see it, is yoked to your brain’s tracking of your heartbeat, which is part of interoception.

In the moments when your heart contracts and pushes blood out to your arteries, your brain takes in less visual information from the world. Your brain also constructs senses that you don’t have receptors for. Examples are flavour, which the brain constructs from gustatory (taste) and olfactory (smell) data, and wetness, which is created from touch and temperature

In fact, your brain constructs everything you see, hear, smell, taste and feel using more than just the sense data from your body’s receptors. Light waves, for example, don’t simply enter your eyes, travel to your brain as electrical signals, and then you see.

Your brain actually predicts what you might see before you see it, based on past experience, the state of your body and your current situation. It combines its predictions with the incoming sense data from your retinas to construct your visual experience of the world around you.

Similarly, when you place your fingers on your wrist to feel your pulse, you’re actually feeling a construction based on your brain’s predictions and the actual sense data. You don’t experience sensations with your sense organs. You experience them with your brain.

Lisa is a professor of psychology at Northeastern University and the author of Seven And A Half Lessons About The Brain (£14.99, Picador). She is one of the most cited scientists in the world for her research into psychology and neuroscience. Lisa is Chief Science Officer for the Center for Law, Brain & Behavior at Massachusetts General Hospital, and received a National Institutes of Health Director’s Pioneer Award for her revolutionary research on emotion in the brain.

Source: How many senses do you have? A lot more than 5, says science | BBC Science Focus Magazine

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Related contents:

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Psychoanalysis and other forms of depth psychology are most typically associated with theories about the unconscious mind. By contrast, behaviorists consider such phenomena as classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Cognitivists explore implicit memory, automaticity, and subliminal messages, all of which are understood either to bypass or to occur outside of conscious effort or attention.O’Neil, H.F.; cited in Coon, D.; Mitterer, J.O. (2008).

Introduction to psychology: Gateways to mind and behavior Archived 18 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine (12th ed., pp. 15–16). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.“The mission of the APA [American Psychological Association] is to advance the creation, communication and application of psychological knowledge to benefit society and improve people’s lives”; APA (2010).Farberow NL, Eiduson B (1971).

To petition to join APA as a section of Division 12, the Division of Clinical Psychology”. Journal of Personality Assessment. Taylor & Francis Online. 35 (3): 205–206. doi:10.1080/00223891.1971.10119654. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.Online Etymology Dictionary. (2001).

Psychology” Archived 18 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine.“Classics in the History of Psychology – Marko Marulic – The Author of the Term “Psychology””. Psychclassics.yorku.ca. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2011.James, William (1890).

The principles of psychology. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-70625-0. OCLC 9557883.Watson, John B. (1913).

Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It” (PDF). Psychological Review. 20 (2): 158–177. doi:10.1037/h0074428. hdl:21.11116/0000-0001-9182-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2015.

Aristotle’s Psychology Archived 9 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine“. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.Green, C.D. & Groff, P.R. (2003). Early psychological thought: Ancient accounts of mind and soul. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.T.L. Brink. (2008) Psychology

“Psychology: Definitions, branches, history, and how to become one”. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com. 1 February 2018. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.Henley TB (2019).

Hergenhahn’s An introduction to the history of psychology (8th ed.). Boston: Cengage. pp. 143–145. ISBN 978-1-337-56415-1. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.“Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt” Archived 8 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine.Wozniak, R.H. (1999). Introduction to memory: Hermann Ebbinghaus (1885/1913).

Classics in the history of psychology Archived 6 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine) Measurement in Psychology: A Critical History of a Methodological Concept Archived 9 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine, p.143Catherine Lutz, “

Epistemology of the Bunker: The Brainwashed and Other New Subjects of Permanent War Archived 19 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine“, in Joel Pfister & Nancy Schnog (eds.), Inventing the Psychological

Reason Displaces All Love Archived 27 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine“, The New Inquiry, 14 February 2014.hin, Robert; Chin, Ai-li S. (1969). Psychological research in Communist China, 1949-1966. Cambridge, Mass: M.I.T. Press. ISBN 978-0-262-03032-8. OCLC 192767

Rules Relating to the Practice of Psychology Archived 21 May 2016 at the Portuguese Web Archive.Judy E. Hall and George Hurley, “North American Perspectives on “Time to abandon the subjective–objective divide?”. Psychiatric Bulletin. 26 (3): 101–103. doi:10.1192/pb.26.3.101.

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