What Would Happen If You Fell Into a Black Hole?

Most of the current hypotheses about what’s happening inside a black hole are mathematically possible. But that doesn’t mean that all of those solutions are actually happening. If you search “black hole” on the internet, at least one of the top results will claim to tell you what could happen if a person fell into one.

But to save you a lot of time and fruitless reading, the short, honest, but perhaps least thrilling answer is that no one really knows. Don’t fret. Scientists have some well-founded, albeit mind-bending ideas about what might be going on. To understand them, though, you first need to grasp some basic concepts about black holes.

What are black hole and what makes them so weird?

Grab a small object, like a pencil, near you. Got it? Congratulations, you just won a battle against the entire gravitational pull of planet Earth. “The gravitational force, of all the forces of nature, is the weakest one,” says astronomer and NASA astrophysicist Roopesh Ojha.

Weak as it can be, gravity rules the entire universe. If you threw the pen you just grabbed into the air, it would come back down rather quickly. But there are places in the Universe where this pull is almost infinitely stronger than on Earth—so powerful that not even light can escape their grab: Meet black holes. These space objects extremely dense, where the gravitational force is so strong that absolutely nothing can resist its pull.

“As a child, this is how I understood black holes: They are objects whose gravity is so strong that if you get close enough, there is no rocket that can take you out,” Ojha says.

What happens if I get too close to a black hole?

Right now, the Earth is pulling a little bit harder on whichever part of your body is closer to the ground. You can’t feel or see the effects of that pull, called tidal force, because, relative to the size of the universe, the Earth isn’t all that big. So, the force of gravity in return isn’t all that strong.

But since black holes are much more massive, the tidal force there is much stronger than on Earth. “If you are an astronaut falling towards a black hole feet first”, explains Ojha, “ the pull on your feet is so much stronger than the pull in your head, so in the direction that you are falling, you get stretched [by the tidal forces].” The very real astrophysics term for this process is pretty straightforward: spaghettification….

Continue reading…

By: Maria Paula Rubiano

Source: What Would Happen If You Fell Into a Black Hole?

Critics:

A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, including light or other electromagnetic waves, has enough energy to escape it. The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass can deform spacetime to form a black hole. The boundary of no escape is called the event horizon. Although it has a great effect on the fate and circumstances of an object crossing it, it has no locally detectable features according to general relativity.

In many ways, a black hole acts like an ideal black body, as it reflects no light. Moreover, quantum field theory in curved spacetime predicts that event horizons emit Hawking radiation, with the same spectrum as a black body of a temperature inversely proportional to its mass. This temperature is of the order of billionths of a kelvin for stellar black holes, making it essentially impossible to observe directly.

Objects whose gravitational fields are too strong for light to escape were first considered in the 18th century by John Michell and Pierre-Simon Laplace. In 1916, Karl Schwarzschild found the first modern solution of general relativity that would characterize a black hole. David Finkelstein, in 1958, first published the interpretation of “black hole” as a region of space from which nothing can escape.

Black holes were long considered a mathematical curiosity; it was not until the 1960s that theoretical work showed they were a generic prediction of general relativity. The discovery of neutron stars by Jocelyn Bell Burnell in 1967 sparked interest in gravitationally collapsed compact objects as a possible astrophysical reality. The first black hole known was Cygnus X-1, identified by several researchers independently in 1971.

Black holes of stellar mass form when massive stars collapse at the end of their life cycle. After a black hole has formed, it can grow by absorbing mass from its surroundings. Supermassive black holes of millions of solar masses (M) may form by absorbing other stars and merging with other black holes. There is consensus that supermassive black holes exist in the centres of most galaxies.

The presence of a black hole can be inferred through its interaction with other matter and with electromagnetic radiation such as visible light. Any matter that falls onto a black hole can form an external accretion disk heated by friction, forming quasars, some of the brightest objects in the universe. Stars passing too close to a supermassive black hole can be shredded into streamers that shine very brightly before being “swallowed.”

If other stars are orbiting a black hole, their orbits can be used to determine the black hole’s mass and location. Such observations can be used to exclude possible alternatives such as neutron stars. In this way, astronomers have identified numerous stellar black hole candidates in binary systems and established that the radio source known as Sagittarius A*, at the core of the Milky Way galaxy, contains a supermassive black hole of about 4.3 million solar masses.

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Man On The Moon: Are We Ready For The Age Of Lunar Tourism?

Plans for a future moon baseCourtesy of ESA/RegoLight, visualisation: Liquifer Systems Group, 2018

In 1969, the Apollo 11 mission saw the first humans step foot on the moon, marking the end of the space race and the beginning of a new era of exploration. Six more trips followed, five of them ending in successful spacewalks.

But then, in 1972, we abruptly stopped visiting. Numerous space-based milestones have been reached since then – from the assembly of the International Space Station, to the ongoing exploration of Mars – but nothing has captured the public imagination quite like moonwalking.

So… why did we stop? Maybe unsurprisingly, the main reason was money. The cost of sending astronauts to the moon was (and still is) quite literally astronomical. Plus, since the space race was already won, there wasn’t much political incentive to fund efforts over the last 50 years. Now, though, that’s all set to change.

Last week, NASA unveiled a next-generation spacesuit for a new mission to the lunar surface, scheduled to take place before the end of the decade. The buildup is already underway. Artemis 1, a mission that saw the space agency’s newest technology fly around the moon and back, was successfully completed in December.

Artemis 2 is set to do the same thing as early as next year, with a crew of four astronauts. If all goes well, the Artemis 3 mission will see space boots on the lunar surface before the end of the 2020s. For the first time, human beings will visit the moon’s south pole. The astronauts will also include the first-ever female moonwalker, with NASA promising that the first person of colour on the moon will be sent up in following Artemis missions.

Artemis isn’t just a mission to diversify the moon, though (wait until the moon landing conspiracists found out that spaceflight’s gone woke). As technology improves and spaceflight becomes increasingly viable, NASA is finding new incentives to visit the moon in person, and it isn’t alone. Last month, China unveiled a new lunar lander and announced its hopes to put the first Chinese astronauts on the surface by 2030.

This week, the UK backed Rolls-Royce in the development of a nuclear power source for a potential future moon base. The European Space Agency (or ESA) is pouring resources into helping NASA get back to the moon, developing modules for its crew transportation system as well as critical parts of its Lunar Gateway. The ESA also has its own lunar lander under development, which is expected to launch in the early 2030s.

Everyone, it seems, wants a piece of the cheese. Why now? Well, for a long time the main focus of the space community was the International Space Station, says ESA’s Bernhard Hufenbach. However, when the ISS was deemed a success in the 2000s, they began to look beyond it. “It was simply a question of what’s next for human spaceflight.” This led to the publication of the Global Exploration Strategy in 2007, which lays out a roadmap for what comes next: “The moon, and then Mars, as a long-term goal.”

Today, establishing a fixed presence on the moon is considered “the next step in human spaceflight”, Hufenbach explains. “But it’s always seen as a step to prepare for the Mars mission. The Mars mission is still the holy grail of human spaceflight because it’s scientifically interesting and would be the first other planet we visit. And there’s consensus among the expert community that [we] need to learn a lot to go to Mars, and the moon is a good stepping stone.”

Continue Reading….

Source: Man on the moon: are we ready for the age of lunar tourism? | Dazed

Related contents:

NASA releases draft strategy for long-term robotic Mars exploration Mars NASA Planets & Moons

NASA The Moon Planets & Moons

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NASA’s Headed Back To The Moon And Here Are Innovators That Will Help It Get There

NASA begins a $90 billion-plus program this week to send Americans to the Moon with the launch of Artemis 1, a crewless expedition with the aim of eventually establishing a permanent human presence on the lunar surface. The launch could be as early as Monday, depending on the weather and equipment readiness.Each of the first four Artemis launches, spread over the next few years, is expected to include no personnel and cost more than $4 billion. NASA says it’s returning to the Moon for three main reasons: discovery, inspiration for the next generation and economic opportunity.

If the Artemis program is anything like its predecessor Apollo, which the space agency discontinued in the early 1970s after putting 12 astronauts on the Moon, it will yield useful products used by Americans every day. Apollo spawned the technology underpinning GPS, telecommunications satellites, DustBusters, Lasik eye surgery, shock absorbers for buildings, wireless headsets, CAT scans and air purifiers.

Fittingly, Artemis gets its name from the Greek Moon goddess who’s the twin of Apollo. The mission will test-drive the possibility of human life not only on the Moon but on Mars, putting humanity one step closer to being a multiple-planet species, according to Marshall Smith, a former high-ranking NASA official.

“There’s a whole plethora of reasons why it makes sense to continue this journey into space,” Smith told Forbes. “We spend this money building science and technology, developing our workforce to be able to do complicated systems and build complicated systems.”

NASA can’t do it alone. The agency is working with dozens of private companies and nonprofit institutions to make returning to the Moon a reality. Here’s a sample of how a few entrepreneurs, recent startups and other innovators are pitching in.

Moon Buggies

During the last three Apollo missions, the astronauts didn’t just walk on the Moon, they drove. That’s NASA’s plan for Artemis as well, and several companies are hard at work trying to build an astronaut’s dream car. These hopefuls are competing or working alongside behemoth defense contractors like Northrop Grumman and Lockheed Martin. Although the rovers won’t be used until 2025 at the earliest, it takes years to get it right.

One contributor is Louisville, Colorado-based Sierra Space, which revealed plans to build an Artemis rover in April. In partnership with carmaker Nissan and aerospace engineering firm Teledyne Brown, Sierra Space hopes to contribute communications and flight software. The company, which is also developing spacecraft to deliver cargo to the International Space Station, was already working on rovers before entering into the partnership.

Sierra Space was founded in 2021 by billionaires Eren and Fatih Ozmen as a subsidiary of Sierra Nevada Corp. It was valued at $4.5 billion after its most recent funding round in May took in $24.3 million. The company says it’s created over 4,000 space systems and components for around 500 missions.

Another company working on a new Moon buggy is California-based startup Astrolab, founded in 2020, which is in the process of building the “Flexible Logistics and Exploration” rover, or FLEX, which is designed to transport both cargo and people and has a capacity of about 3,300 pounds — comparable to a Ford F250 pickup truck. What sets FLEX apart from other rovers is its modular payload capability. It’s able to attach different cargoes and implements, whereas older Mars rovers such as Curiosity and Perseverance had a fixed payload.

“I think what makes our team unique is we have a really novel and innovative design with FLEX,” Jaret Matthews, founder and CEO of Astrolab, told Forbes. “This modular payload capability gives the rover tremendous versatility, and we think that’s necessary to accomplish things both when the astronauts are there, but also when they’re not there.”

Moon Dirt

When they return to the Moon, astronauts won’t just be hanging out in their new rides or smacking around golf balls. They’ll have science to do. The retrieval of regolith, a fancy word for moon rocks, is a vital part of the Artemis mission. That’s because NASA’s goal of establishing a livable society on the Moon depends on working with what’s available on the lunar surface to create things like agriculture. There’s also consideration paid to what might also work on Mars, asteroids or other celestial bodies.

The phrase “cheap as dirt” doesn’t apply to the Moon. In 2002, after three NASA interns stole Moon rocks from the Johnson Space Center lab in Houston, a value was assigned to the 48.5 pounds of regolith the Apollo astronauts brought back: around $1.1 billion. The interns were caught.

NASA has entrusted three companies to help them gather dust: Masten Space Systems, ispace and Lunar Outpost. The NASA payout they’ll be sharing is a laughably small $25,001. Why such a tiny amount? NASA used what it refers to as a “low-priced, technically acceptable” method of selection, and these companies still placed bids.

The Japanese and European divisions of Tokyo-based startup Ispace each have $5,000 contracts with NASA for help in the dirt-retrieval process. They plan to collect lunar soil samples and essentially sell them to NASA. This will be a historic moment as it will mark the first commercial transaction of lunar material to occur in space. Ispace’s Japanese team will have its micro rover and lander on board a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, from which it will head to the northeastern side of the Moon to collect samples no later than November. Ispace Europe’s project will head to space in 2023, focusing on rocks at the lunar South Pole.

The company, valued at $193 million, according to Pitchbook, is focused on building a variety of lunar projects. It began life as a Google Lunar XPRIZE project. In 2010, the company’s founder and CEO Takeshi Hakamada took that team, which was the only Japanese finalist out of the five competing for the XPRIZE project, and founded Ispace. The company’s U.S. division has another contract with NASA worth $73 million to carry its Commercial Lunar Payload Services to the Moon for later Artemis missions.

“We are pleased to receive these two awards from NASA for what will be a historic moment for humankind,” Hakamada via a statement. “For the space industry, as well as the potential for all industries on Earth, this marks the beginning of a cislunar economy where economic value can be created on the Moon, apart from Earth — but for the benefit of Earth’s economy.”

Slated to join Ispace Europe in 2023 at the lunar South Pole is Masten Space Systems. The Mojave, California-based company, founded in 2004, has the biggest contract out of the four rock extractors at $15,000. It also has an $81 million NASA contract to build a robotic lunar lander. Masten plans to retrieve lunar samples with a method called the Rocket Mining System that uses a rocket engine pressurized to dig into the surface.

Masten’s current financial situation may mean this never comes to pass. This month, after a summer of employee furloughs and layoffs, the company filed for bankruptcy as it struggled to keep up with the demands of its NASA contract. NASA said in a statement that if Masten is “unable to complete its task order,” the agency has made contingency plans.

Satellites The Size Of Cereal Boxes

For years, CubeSats — small research satellites — have been used to further space exploration by giving scientists, astronauts and researchers a look into what’s going on out there in the unknown. These satellites provide NASA with relatively inexpensive access to space, and Southwest Research Institute wants in on the action.

Southwest Research is the lead company working on the CubeSat for Solar Particles. CuSP is a cereal-box-sized weather-station nanosatellite that will be one of ten CubeSats hitching a ride on Artemis 1. Although the Artemis mission is focused on the Moon, this tiny satellite will be concentrated on the Sun, studying solar winds headed toward the Earth, as well as solar radiation and events. It will carry three instruments that help measure space weather. In 2014, Southwest Research signed a contract with NASA worth roughly $8.7 million for its participation in CuSP, according to Mihir Desai, director of the Department of Space Research, Space Science and Engineering at the institute.

Southwest Research, headquartered in San Antonio, Texas, has been around for almost eight decades. The independent nonprofit was the recipient of almost $726 million in research funding in 2021 and the company has worked with NASA since 1970. Its first space mission, in 2000, marked NASA’s inaugural use of Earth’s magnetosphere imaging, which maps the part of space controlled by Earth’s magnetic field.

The institute’s goal for its satellites is to build a system that can predict bad solar weather, which has the potential to harm communications and electrical systems on Earth. According to Lloyd’s of London, a huge solar storm would cause hundreds of billions or possibly trillions of dollars in damage.

“What we want to be able to do in the long run is to be able to create a network of space weather monitors and a constellation,” Desai said. “In order to do accurate predictions of solar events that could potentially cause damage to the Earth system … we need a network that’s strategically distributed in interplanetary space.

I am a Forbes HBCU Scholar and intern writing under the innovation team. I recently graduated from Clark Atlanta University where I studied Mass Media Arts with a concentration in….

Source: NASA’s Headed Back To The Moon And Here Are Innovators That Will Help It Get There

Related News:

NASA delays launch of new moon rocket due to fuel leaks, engine problem TRT World

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SpaceX: What Is That Weird Light In The Night Sky? Why You Are Seeing Strange Things After Sunset This Month

You saw a strange light in the sky today just after sunset? Then a string of bright lights moving across the sky that looked like alien spaceships coming into land.

Something bright and white moved across the sky for a few minutes then something glinted in the northern sky for a few seconds. What’s going on?

It’s not aliens. What you—and million of others—keep seeing and getting slightly confused by can look spectacular, but they can also be explained by one of three things, two of which can only be seen so clearly this month and next.

In short, the conditions are perfect for UFO-spotting season!

Here’s everything you need to know about the many strange-looking bright lights in the sky just after sunset:

1. It’s a train of newly-launched SpaceX Starlink satellites

Have you see a “train” of lights in the sky? It’s an incredible sight to see, but one that’s only visible when conditions are right.

What you’re seeing is sunlight reflected off a chain of satellites recently launched by SpaceX. Called Starlink, it’s set to bring global broadband coverage. Batches of 60 are frequently being launched, which over the next few days gradually separate. But for those first few nights they can appear super-bright if seen in the hour after sunset.

And one batch (batch 28) was scheduled to launch this week … so eyes to the sky!

So why haven’t you noticed them before? If you live in the northern hemisphere then conditions are now perfect for seeing newly-launched satellites in the few hours after sunset and before sunrise. That’s because the Sun doesn’t dip all that far below the horizon at this time of year, so satellites in orbit glint more often, and for longer, as they they catch the Sun.

As Starlinks spend more time in orbit they separate from each other and raise their orbits, becoming virtually invisible. Though if you spend some time outside and let your eyes adjust to the darkness you can see older “trains” of Starlinks and many other satellites besides.

You can get also predictions for visible SpaceX Starlink from the Heavens-Above website and also from the Find Starlink website and smartphone app.

2. It’s the planet Venus, which is rising

Earth’s sister planet is back—and very bright. May 2021 saw the return of Venus to the post-sunset night sky after six months in the morning sky. It’s the beginning of a new apparition that will last for the remainder of 2021 and see Venus as the third brightest object in the sky, dimmer only than the Moon and the Sun.

Hence it’s nickname “Evening Star” for when it can be seen in the west after dark.

Many will see a bright “star” in the west about an hour after sunset because it’s low enough in the sky to be in the direct line of sight for drivers, and even those in the backyard getting the laundry in (anecdotally a common time to see bright things in the sky!).

3. It’s a space station or a satellite

For the same reasons that Starlink satellites are bright at the moment so are satellites of all kinds—and none more so than the International Space Station (ISS). Super-bright and crossing the sky as a bright, white constant light in up to seven minutes, the ISS is a spectacular sight.

Find the next pass over your location on NASA’s Spot The Station website and sign-up for a daily email.

The first module of what will be the Chinese Space Station (CSS), Tianhe is now in orbit about 230 miles/370 km up. Launched in May, Heavens-Above.com now has a special page listing predicted sightings of Tianhe-1 under “satellites” on its home page, though it’s not as bright as the ISS.

Wishing you clear skies and wide eyes.

Source: SpaceX: What Is That Weird Light In The Night Sky? Why You Are Seeing Strange Things After Sunset This Month

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Scientists Probe Huge Crater On ‘Psyche,’ The Massive Metal Asteroid Worth More Than Our Global Economy

Does a massive crater on a weird-looking asteroid give us a way to deflect incoming asteroids?

A NASA spacecraft will depart this August on a mission to explore a metal-rich asteroid called 16 Psyche—speculated to be a highly valuable object—in an effort to determine exactly what it’s made of.

It will be NASA’s first visit to a metallic asteroid, as opposed to a rocky or icy one, though it has been studied by the Hubble Space Telescope.

16 Psyche is strange. Shaped like a potato and about 140 miles in diameter, it’s more reflective than anything else in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. So bright, in fact, that it’s presumed to be composed largely of metal‚ specifically nickel or iron.

That’s prompted claims that it could be worth about $10,000 quadrillion (the global economy is worth about $84.5 trillion) and that it could be a high priority for asteroid-mining in future.

However, theory that 16 Psyche could be the remains of a planet that never made it—the leftovers of a planet core—makes it priceless to astronomers trying to figure how the Solar System formed.

Its exact composition will be for the NASA spacecraft to determine from orbit, but a large crater on its surface is already giving scientists clues—and could provide critical intelligence for future attempts deflect a rogue object.

Asteroid-deflection is something NASA is very interested in perfecting well in advance of aa large asteroid being spotted that’s heading straight for Earth. On October 22, 2022 NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) will smash a 500kg spacecraft into binary asteroid 65803 Didymos and its moonlet Dimorphos (also called “Didymoon.”)

The idea is that by creating a “kinetic deflection” on Dimorphos it will ever so slightly change the trajectory of both objects.However, what happened on 16 Psyche was something altogether more violent.

The theory goes that something smashed into 16 Psyche a few billion years ago, creating a massive crater about four miles deep and 33 miles wide. Running for a few days on up to 3,000 cores of a Los Alamos supercomputer, a new visualization by Los Alamos National Laboratory simulates what happened in the 400 seconds after 16 Psyche was struck by something.

“This is a weirdly shaped crater, shallow and wide,” said Wendy K. Caldwell, applied mathematician/planetary scientist at Los Alamos National Laboratory and the lead author for Los Alamos simulations of Psyche. Caldwell presented the team’s research results at the 2021 AGU Fall Meeting.

The simulations shed some light on what, exactly, 16 Psyche might be made of—rubble. Radar observations indicate the asteroid is metallic, but density measurements indicate it is porous. “In our simulations, hexagonal packing in a rubble pile gave almost perfect matches to the ratio of the depth to the diameter on Psyche,” said Caldwell. “That result was really exciting, because it’s shape, not just size, that you have to understand to determine the feasibility of potential compositions.”

The simulation shows an impactor striking Psyche modeled as a hexagonally packed rubble pile. Square packing of the rubble pile material failed to accurately reproduce the actual crater shape observed on Psyche, but hexagonal packing was a very close match. The rubble that makes-up 16 Psyche is expected to be of varying sizes and shapes.

Operating under NASA’s Discovery program, the Psyche spacecraft will lift-off atop a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket in August this year. The tennis court-sized construction with have seven scientific instruments and two solar arrays pr provide power.

The Psyche spacecraft will then conduct a gravity-assist flyby of Mars in May 2023 before finally arriving at 16 Psyche in January 2026. NASA’s spacecraft will go into orbit of 16 Psyche and attempt to determine whether or not it is a planet core, map it and age it.

“The Psyche mission will help us understand more about the early days of the solar system and how the planets formed,” said Caldwell.

Wishing you clear skies and wide eyes.

Follow me on Twitter or LinkedIn. Check out my website or some of my other work here.

I’m an experienced science, technology and travel journalist and stargazer writing about exploring the night sky, solar and lunar eclipses,

Source: Scientists Probe Huge Crater On ‘Psyche,’ The Massive Metal Asteroid Worth More Than Our Global Economy

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