Tag: brain

Can Functional MRI Read Your Mind?

Photo Credit: Nolan Zunk/University of Texas at Austin.

An individually trained semantic decoder translated brain patterns on functional MRI (fMRI) into continuous streams of text, a small study showed. The customized decoder used fMRI responses to generate text describing an individual’s imagined stories, the contents of podcasts they listened to, and silent videos they watched, reported Alexander Huth, PhD, of the University of Texas at Austin, and co-authors in Nature Neuroscienceopens in a new tab or window.

The decoder predictions often recovered the gist of a person’s internal speech, but the result was not a verbatim transcript. About half the time, the decoder produced text that closely or precisely matched the intended meanings of the words a person was thinking.

“For a noninvasive method, this is a real leap forward compared to what’s been done before, which is typically single words or short sentences,” Huth said in a press briefing. “We’re getting the model to decode continuous language for extended periods of time with complicated ideas.”

The system requires extensive training to work, Huth noted. “A person needs to spend up to 15 hours lying in an MRI scanner, being perfectly still, and paying good attention to stories that they’re listening to before this really works well on them,” he said.

The goal of language decoding is to use brain activity recordings to predict the words someone is hearing, saying, or imagining, said co-author Jerry Tang, PhD candidate at the University of Texas at Austin. “Eventually, we hope this technology can help people who lost the ability to speak due to injuries like stroke or diseases like ALS,” he stated.

“Our study is the first to decode continuous language — meaning more than single words or sentences — from noninvasive brain recordings,” Tang added. Currently, decoding language from neural activity relies mainly on invasive brain-computer interfaces that require surgical implantsopens in a new tab or window.

The researchers trained the decoder by recording fMRI data from three study participants — two men and one woman in their 20s and 30s — as they listened to narrative stories from radio shows and podcasts like “The Moth Radio Hour” and “Modern Love” for 16 hours.

“We used this dataset to build a model that takes in any sequence of words and predicts how the user’s brain would respond when hearing those words,” Tang said. The language system used was GPT-1, an early version of the model behind ChatGPT.

Each decoder model analyzed brain responses as participants listened to new stories that were not part of the training dataset. The decoder generated word sequences that captured the meanings of the new stories, including some exact words and phrases from the stories. Most timepoints in the story (72%-82%) had a significantly higher BERTscore — a metric that tests the quality of text-generation systems — than expected by chance.

The researchers tested the decoder on people it hadn’t been trained on and found the results were unintelligible. If participants put up resistance, results also were unusable. But that doesn’t mean fMRI recordings couldn’t be used against people one day, noted Nita Farahany, JD, PhD, of Duke University in Durham, North Carolina.

“This research illustrates the rapid advances being made toward an age of much greater brain transparency, where even continuous language and semantic meaning can be decoded from the brain,” Farahany told MedPage Today.

“While people can employ effective countermeasures to prevent decoding their brains using fMRI, as brain wearables become widespread that may not be an effective way to protect us from interception, manipulation, or even punishment for our thoughts,” Farahany observed.

Policies to protect mental privacy may be needed as technology evolves, Tang stated. “I think right now, while the technology is in such an early state, it’s important to be proactive by enacting policies that protect people and their privacy,” he said. “Regulating what these devices can be used for is also very important.”

Currently, the system isn’t practical to use routinely because it relies on fMRI, but it’s possible the technology could work with portable brain-imaging systems like functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), Huth observed.

“fNIRS measures where there’s more or less blood flow in the brain at different points in time, which, it turns out, is exactly the same kind of signal that fMRI is measuring,” Huth said. “So, our exact kind of approach should translate to fNIRS,” but the resolution with fNIRS would be lower.

By Judy George, Deputy Managing Editor, MedPage

Source: Can Functional MRI Read Your Mind? | MedPage Today

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How ‘Soft Fascination’ Helps Restore Your Tired Brain

Myles Tan/Unsplash

Continue reading…..

Markham Heid

By: Markham Heid

Source: How ‘Soft Fascination’ Helps Restore Your Tired Brain | by Markham Heid | Elemental

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How To Retrain Your Frazzled Brain and Find Your Focus Again

Focusing has felt particularly tough during the pandemic. How do we find my it again? Illustration: dickcraft/Getty Images

Picture your day before you started to read this article. What did you do? In every single moment – getting out of bed, turning on a tap, flicking the kettle switch – your brain was blasted with information. Each second, the eyes will give the brain the equivalent of 10m bits (binary digits) of data. The ears will take in an orchestra of sound waves.

Then there’s our thoughts: the average person, researchers estimate, will have more than 6,000 a day. To get anything done, we have to filter out most of this data. We have to focus. Focusing has felt particularly tough since the start of the pandemic. Books are left half-read; eyes wander away from Zoom calls; conversations stall.

My inability to concentrate on anything – work, reading, cleaning, cooking – without being distracted over the past 18 months has felt, at times, farcical. The good news? We can learn to focus better, but we need to think about attention differently. It is not something we can just choose to do. We have to train the brain like a muscle. Specifically, with short bursts of daily exercises.

Dr Amishi Jha is a professor of cognitive and behavioural neuroscience at the University of Miami and an expert in the science of attention. She has written a book called Peak Mind: Find Your Focus, Own Your Attention, Invest 12 Minutes a Day, a four-week training program based on her research showing how simple mindfulness exercises carried out by people with high-demand jobs, such as soldiers, elite athletes and emergency medics, improve many aspects of cognitive and emotional health, including strengthening our attention.

When I first opened Peak Mind, I set a timer to see how long it would take me to feel the pull of social media. Three minutes in, I check Twitter. I tell Jha this and she erupts with laughter. “Oh, that’s fantastic,” she says. I tell her this distractibility has made me anxious. She nods patiently. “There is nothing wrong with your attention, even if you feel more distracted right now.

That is a healthy response to your current situation. To think otherwise is just false,” she says. “We’re in a crisis because our attention works so well. It’s doing exactly what it was designed to do: respond powerfully to certain stimuli.”

Stress is one of the biggest obstacles to focusing, says Jha. In a high-alert state, we often start ruminating and catastrophic. We get stuck in “loops of doom” or imagined scenarios. This mode impacts our “working memory”: the amount of information that can be held in our minds and used for a task. For example, choosing the words to put together in an email, or reading a page in a book.

“Working memory is like a mental whiteboard with disappearing ink,” says Jha. When that whiteboard is full of thoughts, feelings and images relating to what’s making us stressed, there is no room for new information. We might start blanking, zoning out or snapping at our partners, then feel guilty, which makes focusing even harder….

Continue reading….

By: Eleanor Morgan, The Guardian

Source: How to Retrain Your Frazzled Brain and Find Your Focus Again

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Why We Procrastinate & How To Stop It

Photographed by Zaineb Abelque

There are days when procrastination comes for us all. You wake up, thinking about a project at work or the life admin you can no longer put off and feel a swell of dread fill your chest. You know you have to deal with it today but you start puttering around and somehow end up deep-cleaning the bin instead of replying to emails or watching sitcom bloopers rather than putting on your running shoes.

The putting off of tasks is time-wasting and mindless but sometimes it feels inevitable. The word ‘procrastination’ has deep historical roots. It derives from the Latin ‘procrastinare’ – meaning ‘to put off until tomorrow’ – but is also derived from the ancient Greek word ‘akrasia’, which means ‘acting against one’s better judgement’. The etymology says that when we procrastinate, we are well aware of what we are doing, which implies that the negative consequences of this delay rest solely on our shoulders. And yet…we do it anyway.

Why procrastination happens – and why it can feel like an inevitable part of our day – is a question that has plagued people for centuries. It’s generally assumed that this behaviour is down to a failure to self-regulate in some way: that a combination of poor time management, laziness and a lack of self-control leads us to procrastinate. In other words, it is because an individual isn’t trying hard enough.

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This is not just a cultural assumption but one explored by many researchers and institutions too, with studies such as this one from the University of Valencia which found that no matter how long students are given to do their work, procrastination will likely occur.

However there is a growing number of researchers countering this view. Dr Tim Pychyl is the author of popular self-help book The Procrastinator’s Digest: A Concise Guide to Solving the Procrastination Puzzle and the writer behind the Psychology Today column Don’t Delay. He believes that procrastination runs far deeper – that it is influenced by biology, our perception of time and our ability to manage our emotions.

On the biological front, procrastination comes down to ongoing tension in our brains between the limbic system and the prefrontal cortex, according to the neurosurgery department at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.

The limbic system is a major primordial brain network and one of the oldest and most dominant parts of the brain. It supports a variety of functions, including emotions – particularly those which evolved early and play an important role in survival. This includes feelings of motivation and reward, learning, memory, the fight-or-flight response, hunger, thirst and production of hormones that help regulate the autonomic nervous system…..

Continue reading…..

By: Sadhbh O’Sullivan

Source: Why We Procrastinate & How To Stop It

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How Gut Bacteria Are Controlling Your Brain

(Image credit: Getty Images)

Looking after the multitudes of bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms living in our guts could help us think better and even offer new ways of treating mental health conditions. Your gut is a bustling and thriving alien colony. They number in their trillions and include thousands of different species.

Many of these microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea and eukarya, were here long before humans, have evolved alongside us and now outnumber our own cells many times over. Indeed, as John Cryan, a professor of anatomy and neuroscience at University College Cork, rather strikingly put it in a TEDx talk: “When you go to the bathroom and shed some of these microbes, just think: you are becoming more human.”

Collectively, these microbial legions are known as the “microbiota” – and they play a well-established role in maintaining our physical health, from digestion and metabolism to immunity. They also produce vital compounds the human body is incapable of manufacturing on its own.

But what if they also had a hotline to our minds? In our new book, Are You Thinking Clearly? 29 Reasons You Aren’t And What To Do About It, we explore the dozens of internal and external factors that affect and manipulate the way we think, from genetics, personality and bias to technology, advertising and language. And it turns out the microbes that call our bodies their home can have a surprising amount of control over our brains.

Over the last few decades, researchers have started to uncover curious, compelling – and sometimes controversial – evidence to suggest that the gut microbiota doesn’t just help to keep our brains in prime working order by helping to free up nutrients for it from our food, but may also help to shape our very thoughts and behaviour. Their findings may even  potentially bolster how we understand and lead to new treatments for a range of mental health conditions, from depression and anxiety to schizophrenia.

The picture is still very far from complete, but in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, which has had a deleterious impact on people’s mental health in many parts of the world, unpicking this puzzle could be more important than ever.

One of the research field’s key origin stories took place in the North American wilderness – and, be warned, it makes for some stomach-churning reading. The year was 1822 and a young trader named Alexis St Martin was loitering outside a trading post on what is now called Mackinac Island, in what is now Michigan, when a musket accidentally went off next to him, firing a shot into his side from less than a yard (91cm) away.

His injuries were so bad that part of his lungs, part of his stomach and a good portion of his breakfast that day spilled out through the wound in his left side. Death seemed certain, but an army surgeon named William Beaumont rode to the rescue and saved St Martin’s life, although it took the best part of a year and multiple rounds of surgery.

What Beaumont couldn’t repair, however, was the hole in his patient’s stomach. This persistent fistula would remain a grim and lasting legacy of the accident, but Beaumont wasn’t one to pass up a good opportunity – however unpleasant. Realising that the hole provided a unique window into the human gut, he spent years investigating the intricacies of St Martin’s digestion.

Exactly how willing a volunteer St Martin was is open to debate as Beaumont employed him as a servant while conducting research on him – the murky arrangement almost certainly wouldn’t be considered ethical today. Among the findings Beaumont uncovered during his studies of St Martin’s guts, however, included how they were affected by its owner’s emotions, such as anger.

Through this finding, Beaumont, who would go on to be lauded as the “father of gastric physiology“, had hit upon the idea of a “gut-brain axis” – that the gut and the brain aren’t entirely independent of one another but instead interact, with one influencing the other and vice versa. And now we know that the microorganisms within our gut make this process even more complex and remarkable.

“More and more research is revealing that the gut microbiome can influence the brain and behaviour across a variety of different animals,” says Elaine Hsiao, associate professor in integrative biology and physiology, at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).

It’s important to remember that the microbes were here before humans existed, so we have evolved with these ‘friends with benefits’ – John Cryan

How exactly our microbiota might be influencing our mind is a growing, pioneering and still relatively novel field. But there have been advances over the last 20 years or so, particularly in animals. And, slowly, a case is being built to suggest that these microorganisms aren’t just a vital part of our physical selves, but also our mental and emotional selves, too.

“In medicine, we tend to compartmentalise the body,” says Cryan. “So, when we talk about issues with the brain, we tend to think about the neck upwards. But we need to frame things evolutionarily. It’s important to remember that the microbes were here before humans existed, so we have evolved with these ‘friends with benefits’. There has never been a time when the brain existed without the signals coming from the microbes.

Continue Reading..

By Miriam Frankel and Matt Warren

Source: How gut bacteria are controlling your brain – BBC Future

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A genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land”. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 4: 44. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-44. PMC 533871. PMID 15535883.Homann, Martin; et al. (23 July 2018). “

Microbial life and biogeochemical cycling on land 3,220 million years ago” (PDF). Nature Geoscience. 11 (9): 665–671. Bibcode:2018NatGe..11..665H. doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0190-9. S2CID 134935568.Gabaldón, T (8 October 2021). “

Origin and Early Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell”. Annual Review of Microbiology. 75 (1): 631–647. doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062213. ISSN 0066-4227. PMID 34343017. S2CID 236916203. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022.Callier, Viviane (8 June 2022). “

Mitochondria and the origin of eukaryotes”. Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-060822-2. Retrieved 19 August 2022.Stephens TG, Gabr A, Calatrava V, Grossman AR, Bhattacharya D (May 2021). “

Why is primary endosymbiosis so rare?”. The New Phytologist. 231 (5): 1693–1699. doi:10.1111/nph.17478. PMC 8711089. PMID 34018613.“

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ChatterPal    https://jvz8.com/c/202927/324615
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contentGenie   https://jvz4.com/c/202927/387717/
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Cryptokit    https://jvz8.com/c/202927/383809/
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Human Synthesys Studio  https://jvz8.com/c/202927/367353/
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LiteTrading   https://www.litefinance.com/?uid=929237543
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PicsAds   https://jvz2.com/c/202927/385468/
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